Source
Gender-nonconforming and homosexuality has been reported in a number of East African societies. In pre-colonial East Africa there have been examples of male priests in traditional religions dressing as women. British
social anthropologist Rodney Needham has described such a religious leadership role called "mugawe" among the
Meru people and
Kikuyu people of
Kenya, which included wearing women's clothes and hairstyle.
[21] Mugawe are frequently homosexual, and sometimes are formally married to a man.
Swedish
anthropologist Felix Bryk reported active (i.e., insertive) Kikuyu pederasts called onek, and also mentioned "homo-erotic bachelors" among the pastoralist
Nandi and
Maragoli (Wanga). The Nandi as well as the
Maasai would sometimes cross-dress as women during initiation ceremonies.
In
Uganda, religious roles for cross-dressing men (homosexual priests) were historically found among the
Bunyoro people. Similarly, the kingdom of
Buganda (part of modern-day Uganda) institutionalised certain forms of same-sex relations. Young men served in the royal courts and provided sexual services for visitors and elites. King
Mwanga II of Buganda had several such men executed when they converted to Christianity and refused to carry out their assigned duties (the "
Uganda Martyrs").
[6][22] The
Teso people of Uganda also have a category of men who dress as women.