History class: Timeline of the colonization (and liberation) of Africa

[Mwalimu-G]

Year Event 1415 A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions successive voyages c. 1420 The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it c. 1427 A Portuguese captain, sailing for Henry the Navigator, chances upon the Azores 1439 Portuguese settlers are sent to the unoccupied islands of the Azores 1446 Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast c. 1450 The caravel, a sailing ship developed in the Mediterranean and used down the west coast of Africa, is adapted by the Portuguese for Atlantic use 1456 A Portuguese navigator discovers some of the Cape Verde islands, tropical and at that time uninhabited 1462 Portuguese settlers arrive to found Cidade Velha, on the Cape Verde island of Santiago 1466 The Portuguese settlers on the Cape Verde islands are granted a monopoly on the new slave trade 1483 The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river 1488 Bartolomeu Dias, sailing for the king of Portugal, becomes the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope c. 1500 The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique 1503 The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar c. 1550 Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves 1638 The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa 1652 Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope 1657 The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work 1698 A fleet from Oman evicts the Portuguese from Mombasa and Zanzibar c. 1770 The triangular trade, controlled from Liverpool, ships millions of Africans across the Atlantic as slaves c. 1775 Dutch nomads, pressing far north from Cape Town, become known as the Trekboers 1787 A British ship lands a party of freed slaves as the first modern settlers in Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa c. 1795 Dutch Boers begin calling themselves Afrikaners, to emphasize that Africa is their native land Mungo Park sets off on his first expedition to explore the Niger on behalf of the African Association With the Dutch entering the war on the side of the French, Britain seizes their valuable Cape colony in South Africa

-Oxford Reference

 

[Mwalimu-G]

1802	The Treaty of Amiens restores the Cape of Good Hope to the Netherlands
1806	The British recapture the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch
1808	The British government uses Freetown, in Sierra Leone, as a base in the fight against the slave trade
1809	The British impose the so-called Hottentot Code, protecting Africans at the Cape but also tying them to employers' farms
1816	The British establish Bathurst (now Banjul) at the mouth of the Gambia as a base against the slave trade
1820	The first big influx of British settlers, numbering some 5000, arrives at Cape Town in South Africa
1821	The American Colonization Society buys the area later known as Liberia to settle freed slaves
1822	The first shipload of freed slaves reaches Cape Mesurado (in the region soon called Liberia) from the USA
1827	The Turkish governor of Algiers, flicking at the French consul with his fly whisk, finds that he has provoked a French blockade and eventually invasion
1830	Richard Lander and his brother John explore the lower reaches of the Niger, proving that the great river is navigable A French army invades Algeria, beginning the process which brings the region within the French empire
1832	The paddle steamer Alburkah becomes the first ocean-going iron ship, completing the journey from England to the Niger
1836	Hendrik Potgieter sets off with some 200 Boers and their cattle at the start of the Great Trek to the north The Portuguese ban the shipping of slaves from the coast of Angola Hendrik Potgieter and the Boers, protected by a laager at Vegkop, hold off an attack by a large force of Ndebele tribesmen
1837	After a victory at Vegkop, Boers massacre the inhabitants of a dozen Ndebele villages in secret dawn raids Piet Retief emerges as the new leader of the Great Trek, replacing Potgieter Potgieter defeats the Ndebele at the Marico river and drives them north of the Limpopo Piet Retief reaches a provisional agreement with Dingaan, the Zulu leader, for a Boer settlement in southern Natal
1838	During a ceremony to celebrate their treaty with Dingaan, Piet Retief and his Boer companions are overpowered and killed Dingaan's warriors massacre Boer families in a series of dawn raids near the Bloukrans river The river Ncome becomes known as the Blood River after thousands of Zulu die attacking Andries Pretorius and the Boers
1839	Abd-el-Kader proclaims a holy war against the French in Algeria and begins a military campaign that will last for eight years Andries Pretorius sets up the Boer republic of Natalia, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg
c. 1841	Britain sends four naval ships up the river Niger to make anti-slavery treaties with local kings
1843	The British take control of the existing Boer republic and proclaim Natal a British protectorate
1847	Pretorius leads the last Boer families out of Natal and over the Drakensberg to the high veld Liberia wins independence and international recognition as a republic
1848	Harry Smith annexes for Britain the land between the Orange and Vaal rivers, calling it the Orange River Sovereignty
1850	The British government buys the Danish fortresses on the Gold Coast, including Christiansborg castle in Accra
1854	The Boers establish the Orange Free State as an independent republic, with its own custom-built constitution
1857	The Boers of the southern Transvaal declare independence as the South African Republic
1861	Lagos, on the coast of Nigeria, is annexed as a British colony when the royal family prove unable or unwilling to end the slave trade
1868	Britain annexes Basutoland (now Lesotho), the kingdom of the Sotho leader Moshoeshoe
1869	Britain, France and Italy take joint control of the finances of a bankrupt Tunisia
1871	18-year-old English entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes, on a temporary visit to South Africa, arrives in the new diamond town of Kimberley
1874	The southern region of present-day Ghana becomes a British colony, to be known as the Gold Coast
1876	Leopold II hosts a conference in Brussels on the subject of opening up the African continent
1877	Britain annexes the Boer republic in the Transvaal Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey
1878	Stanley agrees to work for Leopold II in opening up the Congo river to commerce
1879	The British find a pretext to march into the territory ruled by Cetshwayo, thus launching the Zulu War Zulu tribesmen surprise and annihilate a British army encamped near Isandhlwana Immediately after Isandhlwana a tiny British garrison at Rorke's Drift fights off an overwhelming Zulu attack George Goldie and British traders on the Niger form the United African Company (later the Royal Niger Company) to consolidate their interests The British destruction of Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi ends the Zulu War
1880	French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him
1881	The Boers inflict a convincing defeat on a British army at Majuba, in the Transvaal France invades Tunisia from Algeria, and in the Treaty of Bardo forces the bey of Tunis to accept the status of a French protectorate Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville
1882	Stanley establishes a foothold for Leopold II on the southern bank of the Congo, at a site which he names Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) Anti-western riots in Alexandria result in many deaths and provoke a British invasion
1883	French marines land at Tamatave in Madagascar to protect French interests and assert French control
1884	General Gordon marches south to protect Khartoum from the advancing forces of the Mahdi Bismarck launches the colonial scramble for Africa by suddenly annexing three territories for Germany (Togo, Cameroon and Angria Pequena) The Boer republic in the Transvaal regains its independence from Britain Gustav Nachtigal arrives in Togo and persuades local chiefs to accept the protection of the German emperor Gustav Nachtigal, moving on to Cameroon, annexes this region too for the new German empire Karl Peters hurries round east Africa persuading chiefs to accept the German emperor as their protector British general Garnet Wolseley sails from London on a mission to rescue Gordon, trapped by the Mahdi in Khartoum Bismarck invites the European powers to a West Africa Conference in Berlin Spain begins to colonize the Western Sahara, subsequently known as the Spanish Sahara
1885	Bismarck grants Karl Peters a charter to rule a German protectorate in east Africa Britain annexes Bechuanaland as a protectorate, to secure the route north from the Cape into central Africa Italian troops occupy Eritrea, a province of Ethiopia German warships arrive in Zanzibar harbour to persuade the sultan to cede territory to the Kaiser, William I
1886	Germany and Britain define neighbouring spheres of interest in east Africa The German and British agreement in east Africa creates the present-day boundary between Tanzania and Kenya
1887	A gathering of leaders from the British empire holds a colonial conference in London to coincide with Queen Victoria's jubilee
1888	The Ndebele chieftain, Lobengula, grants Rhodes mining rights in what is now Zimbabwe The Imperial British East Africa Company is given a charter to administer Kenya and Uganda
1889	Cecil Rhodes forms the British South Africa Company to push British commerce and imperial control further north France and Britain agree colonial boundaries for Senegal and Gambia in west Africa In the treaty of Uccialli, Menelik II cedes the Ethiopian province of Eritrea to Italy
1890	Cecil Rhodes sends colonists to settle the newly won colony of Rhodesia Zanzibar, under its Arab sultan, is declared a British protectorate

 

[Mwalimu-G]

1890	Cecil Rhodes sends colonists to settle the newly won colony of Rhodesia Zanzibar, under its Arab sultan, is declared a British protectorate
1891	Germany takes direct control of German East Africa as a protectorate Rhodes wins the right to administer the region from the Zambezi up to Lake Tanganyika, forming present-day Zambia Britain cedes the tiny island of Heligoland to Germany in return for vast areas of Africa
1892	Frederick Lugard's Maxim machine gun settles a Protestant-Catholic clash in Kampala, the capital of Buganda The French establish a protectorate in part of the ancient kingdom of Dahomey in west Africa
1893	France claims the Ivory Coast (or Côte d'Ivoire) in west Africa as a French colony Leander Jameson, finding a pretext for war, drives Lobengula out of his kingdom in Rhodesia The British Central African Protectorate is set up in the region of present-day Malawi
1895	The territory south of the Zambezi is given the name Rhodesia, in honour of the man who has colonized it Khama III, the king of Bechuanaland, travels to London to demand the continuing protection of the British crown The British government takes responsibility for Kenya, as the East Africa Protectorate Leander Jameson leads a disastrous raid into the Transvaal, in an attempt to topple Paul Kruger's government
1896	Cecil Rhodes' involvement with the Jameson raid forces his resignation as the Cape Colony prime minister The Ethiopian emperor, Menelik II, inflicts a shattering defeat on Italian forces at Aduwa Britain unites Buganda and three other kingdoms into the single Uganda Protectorate Italy, one of the local colonial powers, accepts Ethiopia's claim to the Ogaden region of the Somali territory
1897	Zululand, annexed by Britain in 1887, is now merged with the colony of Natal Paul Kruger, prime minister of the Transvaal, forms an alliance with the other Boer republic, the Orange Free State The UK colonial secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, appoints enthusiastic imperialist Alfred Milner as high commissioner in South Africa Germany claims Ruanda and Urundi as a joint colony adjacent to German East Africa The French exile the queen of Madagascar and claim the island as a French colony The British burn Benin City in a punitive expedition after members of a British delegation are murdered
1898	French and British forces meet at Fashoda, in a potentially explosive incident in the scramble for Africa Kitchener's victory at Omdurman brings to an end thirteen years of rule in Sudan by followers of the Mahdi
1899	The Sudan begins half a century of supposedly joint rule by Britain and Egypt Mohammed ibn Abdullah (the Mad Mullah in British eyes) leads an uprising in British Somaliland
1900	Paul Kruger flees after the British take Pretoria and annexe both the Boer republics The relief of Mafeking ends a long siege which brings fame to the British commander of the garrison, Robert Baden-Powell The British government assumes direct responsibility for the entire region of Nigeria, previously entrusted to a commercial company
1901	Thousands of women and children die in the concentration camps used by the British army for displaced Boer families
1902	A treaty at Vereeniging ends the Boer War and brings the Boer republics under British control After the defeat of neighbouring Transvaal in the Boer War, the British take sole control of Swaziland
1903	Edward VII, the first British monarch to travel to India, holds a great coronation durbar in Delhi Roger Casement, British consul in the Congo Free State, discovers appalling abuses by Belgian companies
1904	A violent uprising by Herero warriors in South West Africa targets male Germans of military age The German general Lothar von Trotha drives 8000 Herrero people to slow death in the Kalahari desert
1905	Transvaal politician Louis Botha forms Het Volk ('The People'), a party committed to Afrikaner self-government Kaiser Wilhelm II visits Tangier in support of Moroccan independence, causing a diplomatic crisis with the colonial powers France and Britain The Maji-Maji rising results in alarming outbreaks of violence in German East Africa The German commander in east Africa uses famine as a means of ending the Maji-Maji rising
1906	An international conference at Algeciras effectively gives France informal control of Morocco Transvaal is given the self-governing status promised in the treaty ending the Boer War
1908	International outrage at Congo atrocities forces Belgium to annexe King Leopold's private colony
1909	National delegates from the four provincial parliaments draw up a draft constitution for a South African union Mineral discoveries on the border of Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo give the first hint of the riches of the Copper Belt
1910	The Union of South Africa becomes an independent dominion within the British empire Three French colonies south of the Sahara are consolidated as French Equatorial Africa
1911	Italy finds a reason to invade Libya, a province of the Turkish empire. Copper mining begins in Katanga, soon to be followed by the extraction of even more profitable diamonds
1912	By the treaty of Fès a French protectorate is formally established in Morocco France and Spain agree that Spain shall become the colonial power in the north of Morocco and France in the south The South African National Native Congress (subsequently the ANC, African National Congress) is set up in Cape Province
1914	British rule is consolidated in Nigeria by the merging of north and south as a single colony The British government changes the status of Egypt from a Turkish province to a British protectorate August - British and French forces invade the German colony of Togoland
1915	February - British and French forces invade and capture the German colony of Cameroon July - South African troops capture German South West Africa
1916	British and French forces win full control of the German colonies of Togoland and Cameroon June 17 - Belgian troops from the Congo occupy the German colony of Ruanda-Urundi

 

[Mwalimu-G]

1918	Wafd, a national party, is formed in Cairo with the purpose of ending Egypt's enforced link with Britain November 23 - Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, commander of the German army in East Africa, surrenders after four stubborn years of resistance
1919	More than 300 die when British troops fire on a peaceful demonstration in Amritsar The League of Nations makes South West Africa (Namibia) a mandated British territory, to be administered by South Africa June 28 - German East Africa is to be governed by Britain as Tanganyika, under a League of Nations mandate
1920	Destour is formed as a nationalist party in Tunisia, demanding full independence from France
1921	The Young Kikuyu Association is formed in Kenya, to fight for African rights and the restoration of Kikuyu land Abd-el-Krim wins a sensational victory over Spanish forces in Morocco and gains control of the Rif
1922	Egypt becomes an independent kingdom, subject to a British military presence to protect the Suez canal The League of Nations gives France and Britain mandates to govern separate areas of the German colony of Cameroon France and Britain are given a League of Nations mandate to govern separate areas of the German colony of Togoland
1923	The African National Congress (ANC) is formed in South Africa by renaming the South African National Native Congress Rhodesia becomes a self-governing colony with political power exclusively in the hands of European settlers
1924	The League of Nations grants Belgium a mandate to administer the former Germany colony of Ruanda-Urundi The British government takes on the administration of Northern Rhodesia from the British South Africa Company
1926	The Balfour Report, by former UK prime minister A.J. Balfour, suggests the way forward for the British Commonwealth of Nations
1928	Jomo Kenyatta becomes the editor of Muigwithania, the newspaper of the Kikuyu Central Association
1933	The Hutus and Tutsis of Ruanda-Urundi are issued with racial identity cards by the Belgians
1934	Neo-Destour, a party demanding Tunisian independence, has Habib Bourguiba as its secretary general
1935	Mussolini uses a disagreement over grazing rights as a pretext for an empire-building invasion of Ethiopia
1936	The Italian forces invading Ethiopia reach Addis Ababa, and Haile Selassie flees into exile
1941	January 22 - Archibald Wavell's Allied divisions, after a rapid desert campaign, drive the Italians from the Libyan port of Tobruk April 6 - the Allies recover Ethiopia from the Italians and Haile Selassie returns to his throne in Addis Ababa
1942	Algerian nationalist Ferhat Abbas produces a manifesto demanding independence from France
c. 1945	Gamal Abdel Nasser and army colleagues form a secret party, the Free Officers, to fight for an independent Egyptian republic Demonstrations in Algeria spark off an uprising against French rule, which is put down with the loss of perhaps 10,000 Muslim lives
1950	The British government bans hereditary ruler Seretse Khama from Bechuanaland because he has married a white woman
1951	Libya wins independence from Italy, as a kingdom with Idris I as head of state
1952	Kwame Nkrumah, recently released from gaol, becomes prime minister of the British colony of the Gold Coast A group of officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser depose Egypt's king, Farouk, and send him into exile Ahmed Ben Bella forms the Front de Libération National (FLN) to fight for Algerian independence An outbreak of terrorism in Kenya is orchestrated by a secret Kikuyu organization, the Mau Mau
1953	Jomo Kenyatta, charged with having organized the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, is sentenced to seven years in prison The two Rhodesias and Nyasaland are merged in the self-governing Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1954	A radical manifesto and acts of terrorism alert the world to the emergence of the FLN, committed to independence for Algeria
1955	An armed uprising in Morocco persuades France to accept the principle of independence for the colony
1956	The Sudan, declining the opportunity of union with Egypt, opts for independence as a separate state Tunisia wins independence from France, with Habib Bourguiba as prime minister French Morocco and Spanish Morocco win independence from the two colonial powers After a plebiscite British Togo is merged with the neighbouring colony of the Gold Coast
1957	Kwame Nkrumah leads the Gold Coast into independence under a name of historic resonance, Ghana The FNLA is established, with US support, as a guerrilla group to fight for a non-communist independent Angola
1958	French Algerians seize government buildings in Algiers, in a campaign to ensure that Algerian remains French On his second day in power, de Gaulle visits Algiers to confront the settlers with an unwelcome message The colony of French Guinea opts for immediate independence as the republic of Guinea, breaking its links with France

 

[Mwalimu-G]

1960	UK prime minister Harold Macmillan, in Cape Town, warns the white settlers of Africa that 'the wind of change' is blowing through their continent French Cameroun becomes independent as the republic of Cameroun, with Ahmadou Ahidjo as the first president Kenneth Kaunda is elected president of UNIP, a new party fighting for an independent Northern Rhodesia French Togo becomes independent as the republic of Togo, with Sylvanus Olympio as president French Sudan becomes independent as the republic of Mali, with Modibo Keita as president Madagascar becomes independent (under the name Malagasy republic from till 1975), with Philibert Tsiranana as president Patrice Lumumba becomes prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, previously the Belgian Congo The South West Africa People's Organization is founded to fight against South African control of Namibia British and Italian colonies merge as the independent Somali republic, also known as Somalia, with Aden Abdullah Osman as president Anti-European riots in the Congo cause some 25,000 Belgians to flee the country The French colony of Dahomey (known from 1975 as Benin) becomes independent but suffers six military coups in its first twelve years Niger becomes independent, with Hamani Diori as the new nation's first president Kenyatta, still in prison, is elected leader of KANU, a new political party in Kenya The French colony of Upper Volta becomes independent as Burkina Faso, with Maurice Yaméogo as president Félix Houphouët-Boigny, first president of the newly independent Ivory Coast, begins thirty-three years of relatively peaceful rule The French colony of Chad becomes independent with François Tombalbaye as president The French colony of Gabon becomes independent with Léon M'ba as president The French colony of Ubangi-Shari becomes independent and takes the name Central African Republic The French Congo becomes independent as the republic of Congo, with Fulbert Youlou as president The French colony of Senegal becomes independent, with Léopold Senghor as the new nation's first president Nigeria wins independence, with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as prime minister, but its stability is threatened by tribal and regional factions The French colony of Mauritania becomes independent, with Moktar Ould Daddah as president
1961	Patrice Lumumba is sent to Katanga, where he is murdered Former British colony Sierra Leone becomes an independent state within the Commonwealth Joshua Nkomo founds ZAPU, the Zimbabwe African People's Union, in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia Two French generals, Raoul Salan and Edmond Jouhaud, form the OAS (Organisation de l'Armée Secrète) to preserve French rule in Algeria The southern part of the British Cameroons votes to merge with Cameroun, becoming the federal republic of Cameroon Tanganyika becomes an independent nation with Julius Nyerere as prime minister
1962	Frelimo emerges as a Marxist guerrilla group dedicated to winning independence for Mozambique Ian Smith's white supremacist party, the Rhodesian Front, wins power in Rhodesia's election A massive yes vote in a referendum is immediately followed by French recognition of Algerian independence The former British colony of Uganda becomes an independent republic, with Milton Obote as prime minister
1963	The OAU (Organization of African Unity) is founded in Addis Ababa to give Africa a united voice in world affairs Robert Mugabe and Ndabaningi Sithole split from ZAPU to found ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Zanzibar becomes an independent nation and a member of the Commonwealth Kenya becomes independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved, as the three colonies go their separate ways
1964	Ian Smith, now prime minister of Rhodesia, arrests leading black politicians Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge as the United Republic of Tanzania Hastings Banda is prime minister of the newly independent nation of Malawi, formerly Nyasaland Kenneth Kaunda becomes president of the independent republic of Zambia, previously Northern Rhodesia
1965	The Gambia becomes an independent member of the Commonwealth, with Dawda Jawara as prime minister Ian Smith makes a unilateral declaration of Rhodesia's independence
1966	UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, joins the fight for Angolan independence Former chief Seretse Khama becomes the first president of an independent Botswana
1968	Spanish Guinea becomes an independent republic as Equatorial Guinea, with Francisco Macias Nguema as president The United Nations, with the approval of Britain as the colonial power, imposes economic sanctions on Rhodesia
1973	The Polisario is formed to fight for the independence of Western Sahara
1974	Portuguese Guinea becomes independent as Guinea-Bissau, with Luís Cabral as president
1975	The independence of Angola is established in the Alvor agreement between Portugal and three rival guerrilla groups, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA The king of Morocco sends 350,000 settlers across the border into Western Sahara Portuguese East Africa becomes independent as Mozambique, with Frelimo as the only political party The Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa, become independent as the republic of Cape Verde
1976	The UN entrusts the Western Sahara to joint administration by Morocco and Mauritania The Polisario, as a government-in-exile in Algeria, proclaim the independence of Western Sahara as the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic
1977	The French Territory of Afars and Issas becomes independent as Djibouti, with Hassan Gouled Aptidon as president
1979	Morocco annexes the Mauritanian part of the Western Sahara, thus taking control of the entire region A conference in London, at Lancaster House, finally achieves agreement on Southern Rhodesia
1980	Rhodesia becomes independent, taking the name Zimbabwe, with Robert Mugabe as prime minister
1990	Namibia becomes independent with Sam Nujoma as president

 

[Aviator]

Mwarimu, do you have any literature on the life of the Agikuyu from their creation to the years before nyakerù invasion?
Cc @Meria

 

[Mwalimu-G]

Mwarimu, do you have any literature on the life of the Agikuyu from their creation to the years before nyakerù invasion?
Cc @Meria

Hiyo pengine @Meria .

 

[It's Me Scumbag]

Mwarimu, do you have any literature on the life of the Agikuyu from their creation to the years before nyakerù invasion?
Cc @Meria

Check this out

76. Notes on the Origin and History of the Kikuyu and Dorobo Tribes. on JSTOR

K. R. Dundas, 76. Notes on the Origin and History of the Kikuyu and Dorobo Tribes., Man, Vol. 8 (1908), pp. 136-139

www.jstor.org

 

[Liberty]

Portuguese discovered many places around the world, but had very few colonies, or were evicted very easily

 

[Ngima ya Mûhîa]

Hii yote tutasoma SAA ngapi Mwalimu Gashui?

 

[Mwalimu-G]

Hii yote tutasoma SAA ngapi Mwalimu Gashui?

Najua shida si time. You are more worried about your CPU overheating.

 

[Ngima ya Mûhîa]

Najua shida si time. You are more worried about your CPU overheating.

Hehehe. Kweli kabisa

 

[Meria]

Mwarimu, do you have any literature on the life of the Agikuyu from their creation to the years before nyakerù invasion?
Cc @Meria

Check your telegram.
Narusha huko saa huu

 

[Aviator]

Check your telegram.
Narusha huko saa huu

Check your WhatsApp.

 

[Meria]

Check your WhatsApp.

sent.

 

[Aviator]

sent.

Sandesana

 

[Montecarlo]

Portuguese discovered many places around the world, but had very few colonies, or were evicted very easily

Omani Arabs were no joke. The Portuguese however held on to Angola for a long time. Also, the Chinese beat them in discovering the East Coast.

 

[Montecarlo]

Check your telegram.
Narusha huko saa huu

Nitumie kwa telegram prissssss

 

[Meria]

Nitumie kwa telegram prissssss

nirushie ka msg huko nikupate

 

[Mwalimu-G]

Omani Arabs were no joke. The Portuguese however held on to Angola for a long time. Also, the Chinese beat them in discovering the East Coast.

Zheng He, Wade-Giles romanization Cheng Ho, original name Ma Sanbao, later Ma He, (born c. 1371, Kunyang, near Kunming, Yunnan province, China—died 1433, Calicut [now Kozhikode], India), admiral and diplomat who helped extend the maritime and commercial influence of China throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean. He commanded seven naval expeditions almost a century before the Portuguese reached India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa.